IMF Highlights Economic Strengths and Debt Concerns in ECCU

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) has completed its latest consultations with the Eastern Caribbean Central Bank (ECCB) on the performance of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU)^[1], highlighting both strengths and ongoing vulnerabilities across the subregion’s economy.
According to the IMF, the region has sustained robust post-pandemic expansion. Strong tourism arrivals and ongoing infrastructure investment supported regional growth at an estimated 3.0% in 2025. However, regional growth potential has declined over recent decades, reflecting diminishing contributions from productivity as well as human and physical capital. This stems from structural impediments to efficiency, including barriers to credit and productive investment, burdensome administrative processes and labour skills gaps and mismatches. As such, the IMF noted that a coordinated regional strategy to ease constraints across these dimensions is essential to raise resilient growth prospects.
Looking ahead, economic momentum is expected to moderate, with risks tilted to the downside. With tourism operating near full capacity, average regional growth is expected to slow to around 2.5% over the medium term amid persistent productivity constraints, adverse demographic trends, and limited fiscal space for public investment. The outlook is also subject to sizeable downside risks as evolving trade and travel barriers, and ongoing geopolitical tensions amplify the region’s long-standing vulnerabilities. This includes its heavy dependence on tourism and imports, exposure to natural disasters, persistently high public debt, and reliance on uncertain Citizenship-by-Investment (CBI) inflows.
Deeper trade integration was identified as a key opportunity for growth and diversification. At present, connectivity challenges limit expansion into new markets. The ECCU remains heavily reliant on the United States and trades less than expected with partners outside the Caribbean, largely due to shipping and airlift limitations. The Fund recommended stronger regional policy coordination to address these barriers, including harmonised customs procedures, a unified single window trade platform, and mutual recognition agreements to improve institutional efficiency and reduce costs.
On the fiscal front, fiscal outcomes have lagged economic performance. With union-wide public debt reduction stalling, partially reflecting the impact of recurring external shocks, several members are increasingly at risk of not meeting the 60% of GDP regional public debt target by 2035. Uneven progress in debt reduction, therefore, underscores the need to strengthen union-wide institutional mechanisms to reinforce fiscal sustainability and resilience.
According to the IMF, a union-wide, time-bound commitment to implementing national fiscal frameworks that effectively align ECCU members' annual budgets with the regional debt target, grounded in harmonised design principles, would strengthen fiscal discipline, support sustained debt reduction, and better equip the union to navigate future shocks. Deeper policy coordination would also help preserve space for priority investment amid ongoing debt reduction and recurrent shock-related spending pressures. Priorities should include scaling back costly tax exemptions, especially in tourism, and strengthening social safety nets to reduce reliance on distortionary, untargeted fiscal responses to shocks.

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¹The ECCU comprises the nations of Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines and the British territories of Anguilla and Montserrat.

(Source: IMF)